diff --git a/benches/batch.rs b/benches/batch.rs
index b87dc06..2f30794 100644
--- a/benches/batch.rs
+++ b/benches/batch.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fn criterion_benchmark(criterion: &mut Criterion) {
     let kinds = vec![EventKind::Ranked; composition.len()];
 
     let mut time_slice = TimeSlice::new(1, P_DRAW, ConvergenceOptions::default());
-    time_slice.add_events(composition, results, weights, kinds, &agents);
+    time_slice.add_events(composition, Some(results), Some(weights), kinds, &agents);
 
     criterion.bench_function("Batch::iteration", |b| {
         b.iter(|| time_slice.iteration(0, &agents))
diff --git a/src/history.rs b/src/history.rs
index cd90079..746ca84 100644
--- a/src/history.rs
+++ b/src/history.rs
@@ -651,17 +651,22 @@ impl<T: Time, D: Drift<T>, O: Observer<T>, K: Eq + Hash + Clone> History<T, D, O
     pub(crate) fn add_events_with_prior(
         &mut self,
         composition: Vec<Vec<Vec<Index>>>,
-        results: Vec<Vec<f64>>,
+        results: Option<Vec<Vec<f64>>>,
         times: Vec<T>,
-        weights: Vec<Vec<Vec<f64>>>,
+        weights: Option<Vec<Vec<Vec<f64>>>>,
         kinds: Vec<EventKind>,
         mut priors: HashMap<Index, Rating<T, D>>,
     ) -> Result<(), InferenceError> {
-        if !results.is_empty() && results.len() != composition.len() {
+        if results
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|r| r.len() != composition.len())
+        {
+            let got = results.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
+
             return Err(InferenceError::MismatchedShape {
                 kind: "results",
                 expected: composition.len(),
-                got: results.len(),
+                got,
             });
         }
         if times.len() != composition.len() {
@@ -671,11 +676,16 @@ impl<T: Time, D: Drift<T>, O: Observer<T>, K: Eq + Hash + Clone> History<T, D, O
                 got: times.len(),
             });
         }
-        if !weights.is_empty() && weights.len() != composition.len() {
+        if weights
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|w| w.len() != composition.len())
+        {
+            let got = weights.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
+
             return Err(InferenceError::MismatchedShape {
                 kind: "weights",
                 expected: composition.len(),
-                got: weights.len(),
+                got,
             });
         }
         if kinds.len() != composition.len() {
@@ -690,7 +700,7 @@ impl<T: Time, D: Drift<T>, O: Observer<T>, K: Eq + Hash + Clone> History<T, D, O
         // including `record_draw`, which builds its results directly rather
         // than going through `Outcome`.
         if self.p_draw == 0.0 {
-            for (event_results, kind) in results.iter().zip(kinds.iter()) {
+            for (event_results, kind) in results.iter().flatten().zip(kinds.iter()) {
                 if !matches!(kind, EventKind::Ranked) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -772,17 +782,13 @@ impl<T: Time, D: Drift<T>, O: Observer<T>, K: Eq + Hash + Clone> History<T, D, O
                 .map(|e| composition[o[e]].clone())
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-            let results = if results.is_empty() {
-                Vec::new()
-            } else {
-                (i..j).map(|e| results[o[e]].clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            };
+            let results = results
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|results| (i..j).map(|e| results[o[e]].clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
-            let weights = if weights.is_empty() {
-                Vec::new()
-            } else {
-                (i..j).map(|e| weights[o[e]].clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            };
+            let weights = weights
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|weights| (i..j).map(|e| weights[o[e]].clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
             let kinds_chunk: Vec<EventKind> = (i..j).map(|e| kinds[o[e]]).collect();
 
@@ -861,9 +867,9 @@ impl<T: Time, D: Drift<T>, O: Observer<T>, K: Eq + Hash + Clone> History<T, D, O
         let l = self.intern(loser);
         self.add_events_with_prior(
             vec![vec![vec![w], vec![l]]],
-            vec![vec![1.0, 0.0]],
+            Some(vec![vec![1.0, 0.0]]),
             vec![time],
-            vec![],
+            None,
             vec![EventKind::Ranked],
             HashMap::new(),
         )
@@ -885,9 +891,9 @@ impl<T: Time, D: Drift<T>, O: Observer<T>, K: Eq + Hash + Clone> History<T, D, O
         let b_idx = self.intern(b);
         self.add_events_with_prior(
             vec![vec![vec![a_idx], vec![b_idx]]],
-            vec![vec![0.0, 0.0]],
+            Some(vec![vec![0.0, 0.0]]),
             vec![time],
-            vec![],
+            None,
             vec![EventKind::Ranked],
             HashMap::new(),
         )
@@ -981,7 +987,13 @@ impl<T: Time, D: Drift<T>, O: Observer<T>, K: Eq + Hash + Clone> History<T, D, O
             times.push(ev.time);
         }
 
-        self.add_events_with_prior(composition, results, times, weights, kinds, priors)
+        let weights = if weights.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(weights)
+        };
+
+        self.add_events_with_prior(composition, Some(results), times, weights, kinds, priors)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/time_slice.rs b/src/time_slice.rs
index 53f555d..1f73d30 100644
--- a/src/time_slice.rs
+++ b/src/time_slice.rs
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ impl<T: Time> TimeSlice<T> {
     pub fn add_events<D: Drift<T>>(
         &mut self,
         composition: Vec<Vec<Vec<Index>>>,
-        results: Vec<Vec<f64>>,
-        weights: Vec<Vec<Vec<f64>>>,
+        results: Option<Vec<Vec<f64>>>,
+        weights: Option<Vec<Vec<Vec<f64>>>>,
         kinds: Vec<EventKind>,
         agents: &CompetitorStore<T, D>,
     ) {
@@ -328,22 +328,21 @@ impl<T: Time> TimeSlice<T> {
 
                     Team {
                         items,
-                        output: if results.is_empty() {
-                            (event.len() - (t + 1)) as f64
-                        } else {
-                            results[e][t]
+                        output: match &results {
+                            Some(results) => results[e][t],
+                            // No explicit result: rank by position, first team best.
+                            None => (event.len() - (t + 1)) as f64,
                         },
                     }
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-            let weights = if weights.is_empty() {
-                teams
+            let weights = match &weights {
+                Some(weights) => weights[e].clone(),
+                None => teams
                     .iter()
                     .map(|team| vec![1.0; team.items.len()])
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            } else {
-                weights[e].clone()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             };
 
             Event {
@@ -828,8 +827,8 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![vec![c], vec![d]],
                 vec![vec![e], vec![f]],
             ],
-            vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]],
-            vec![],
+            Some(vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]]),
+            None,
             vec![EventKind::Ranked; 3],
             &agents,
         );
@@ -905,8 +904,8 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![vec![a], vec![c]],
                 vec![vec![b], vec![c]],
             ],
-            vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]],
-            vec![],
+            Some(vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]]),
+            None,
             vec![EventKind::Ranked; 3],
             &agents,
         );
@@ -985,8 +984,8 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![vec![a], vec![c]],
                 vec![vec![b], vec![c]],
             ],
-            vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]],
-            vec![],
+            Some(vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]]),
+            None,
             vec![EventKind::Ranked; 3],
             &agents,
         );
@@ -1017,8 +1016,8 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![vec![a], vec![c]],
                 vec![vec![b], vec![c]],
             ],
-            vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]],
-            vec![],
+            Some(vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]]),
+            None,
             vec![EventKind::Ranked; 3],
             &agents,
         );
@@ -1088,8 +1087,8 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![vec![c], vec![d]],
                 vec![vec![a], vec![c]],
             ],
-            vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]],
-            vec![],
+            Some(vec![vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![1.0, 0.0], vec![1.0, 0.0]]),
+            None,
             vec![EventKind::Ranked; 3],
             &agents,
         );